The exclusion criterion for the MCI group was a diagnosis of dementia. The inclusion criteria of the MCI group were: age ≥65 years education ≥4 years a subjective cognitive complaint, preferably confirmed by an informant an objective cognitive deficit confirmed by a low performance under the level expected on neuropsychological tests normal general cognitive functions and intact or minimally impaired functional activities. The exclusion criteria for the control group were: a diagnosis of dementia a diagnosis of relevant neurological or psychiatric diseases or systematic uncontrolled chronic diseases that have an impact on cognition a history of alcoholism or substance abuse aphasia or a visual, hearing, or motor handicap evidence of loss of autonomy or independence in daily activities regular use of psychotropic drugs and altered performance on neuropsychological tests. It is answered by the patient, family, or caregiver to indicate the presence of cognitive impairment.The inclusion criteria for the control group were: age ≥65 years and education ≥4 years. The questionnaire is useful to assess and monitor functional changes over time. The Functional Activities Questionnaire calculates the extent of the patient’s ability to engage in instrumental activities of daily living. Both anxiety and depression may affect cognitive assessment scores. This tool is a valid screening tool for gauging severity of generalized anxiety symptoms. More information about PHQ-9 can be found here. The PHQ-9 can be useful in clinical practice to assess depression severity and its symptoms. A score of greater than five indicates further evaluation. Score one point when the patient answer matches the test answer. The Geriatric Depression Scale can be useful for patients who have mild-to-moderate symptoms of dementia. Its use is granted by Washington University for clinical care purposes. No formal training is needed to administer the test. In combination with the Mini-COG, the AD8 is effective for detecting early cognitive change. The test consists of eight yes-or-no questions about changes in the person’s thinking, memory, and behavior. This brief 3-minute test was originally designed as an informant screening tool but has also been validated as a direct questionnaire for the patient. A one-hour Training & Certification module supports MoCA’s validity and was designed for busy medical professionals. Both an app and paper versions are available. It is easy to administer and score, and the results can be interpreted by the health provider with minimal training. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment is a quick and easy instrument that can be adapted for use in the clinical setting. This paper tool is helpful for clinics that serve linguistically diverse populations that have varying education levels. This validated short cognitive screening instrument is designed to reduce the impact of language and cultural differences on the results of screened individuals. Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS) Training for use of this tool takes about ten minutes. This is a free tool and is available in many languages. The Mini-Cog is a three-minute instrument for the patient that consists of two components: a three-item recall test for memory and a clock drawing test.
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